Dynamic Effort, Sustainability, Myopia, and 110% Effort

By definition, giving 100% effort all of the time is sustainable, but begs the question of how to define 100% effort. As a corollary, once a benchmark for defining 100% effort is chosen, it may be possible, even optimal, to give a greater amount of effort for a short period of time, while recognizing that this level of effort is not sustainable. This dynamic effort provision problem is analyzed in the context of effort and performance by National Basketball Association (NBA) players over the course of a season. Within this context, several benchmarks for sustainable effort are considered, but these are rejected by the data. Meanwhile, the data are consistent with the proposition that NBA players put forth optimal effort, even if such effort is not always sustainable.Sports, NBA, effort

Market Preemption and Entry Deterrence: Evidence from the Golf Course Industry

The population in a given geographical area has to be large enough before the area can support the entry of a golf course. The required amount of population will be higher if costs are higher, or if the underlying demand to golf by residents is lower, or if there is more preexisting competition from incumbent golf courses. If incumbent golf courses undertake entry-deterring strategies, either explicitly or implicitly, the required population will be higher still. If population is expected to grow quickly, then the amount of population required by the entry date could be lower. These effects are measured and analyzed in this empirical study of the entry of 104 golf courses in the greater San Francisco Bay Area between 1893 and 2001.Preemptive Entry, Entry Deterrence, Golf Course Economics, Subsidized Pricing, Municipal Golf, Privatization, L11, L33, L83, D43,

PRICE DISCRIMINATION AT THE LINKS

This paper reports on an econometric analysis of the pricing structures at 46 public access golf courses in the San Francisco area. Comparisons among several attempts to get a generic measure of price discrimination suggest that the standard deviation of the prices charged is the best measure. Using narrowly cast measures of price discrimination, the paper successfully distinguishes among several different types. Measures of price discrimination can be significant regressors, yet the overwhelming majority of existing work excludes such a variable, leading to biased estimates of the other parameters. Copyright 1998 Western Economic Association International.

Dynamic Effort, Sustainability, Myopia, and 110% Effort

By definition, giving 100 percent effort all of the time is sustainable, but begs the question of how to define 100 percent effort. As a corollary, once a benchmark for defining 100 percent effort is chosen, it may be possible, even optimal, to give a greater amount of effort for a short period of time, while recognizing that this level of effort is not sustainable. This dynamic effort provision problem is analyzed in the context of effort and performance by National Basketball Association (NBA) players over the course of a season. Within this context, several benchmarks for sustainable effort are considered, but these are rejected by the data. Meanwhile, the data are consistent with the proposition that NBA players put forth optimal effort, even if such effort is not always sustainable.

Gender, Skill, and Earnings in Professional Golf

This article compares the PGA Tour to the LPGA by examining the relationship between skills and earnings on the two tours. Men on the PGA Tour play for bigger purses than do the women in the LPGA tournaments. But the men also play more rounds of golf over longer golf courses in front of more spectators and exhibit greater levels of skill than the women. The statistical results show which golf skills are the most valuable by estimating the effect of the skill on earnings. Furthermore, the results show that once skill levels are accounted for, women are not underpaid compared to men. Even though the tournament form of compensation rewards the relative skill levels within each tournament, the professional golf industry appears to reward the absolute level of skill with no gender bias.